How would you use "have" to indicate a past action affecting someone's emotion?

Prepare for the C1 Advanced Exam with our Key Word Transformations Test. Study using flashcards and multiple-choice questions that include hints and explanations. Equip yourself with the skills to succeed!

Using "have" in the context provided indicates a connection between a past action and its present emotional impact. In choice B, the structure "I have made Jane cry" suggests that the action of making Jane cry is not confined to the past but is seen as relevant to the present moment. This can imply that the emotional effect of that action continues to resonate.

In contrast, the other choices either do not link the past action to the present or fail to convey the same immediacy of the emotion. For instance, "She has made Jane cry" and "He had made Jane cry" vary in subject and tense, which can alter the focus or impact discussed. "I made Jane cry," while indicating a clear past action, does not convey the ongoing relevance of that action to current emotions, which is critical to the clarity of the transformation intended in this question.

Thus, option B effectively illustrates the connection between the past action and its current emotional effect.

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